Current issue

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate explosive strength and fatigue resistance of the lower limbs in senior breaststroke swimmers using the OptoJump Next system. Five elite male breaststroke specialists (age 21–32 years), all competing at national level, performed two standardized tests before and after a six-week dryland strength programme: the BFS Vertical Jump Test and the 60-Second Repeated Jump Test. OptoJump Next recorded flight time, contact time, jump height, reactive strength index (RSI), jump count and a fatigue index derived from the decline in jump height over time. Post-intervention, swimmers showed consistent improvements in vertical jump performance. Mean jump height increased by 3.1 cm, RSI by 0.06 and relative power output by approximately 1.3 W·kg⁻¹. In the 60-second protocol, athletes executed on average six additional jumps, RSI increased by 0.06 and the fatigue index decreased by 5.2 points, indicating a better ability to maintain force production under prolonged stretch–shortening cycle loading. Paired-sample comparisons revealed statistically and practically meaningful effects for most variables despite the small sample size. These findings support the utility of OptoJump-based jump testing for monitoring neuromuscular adaptations in breaststroke specialists and for individualising dryland interventions aimed at improving start, turn and underwater phases in sprint events.These results highlight the relevance of integrating optical measurement technologies in elite swimming preparation.

Keywords: OptoJump Next; explosive strength; fatigue resistance; reactive strength index; breaststroke; neuromuscular performance

TREND EVENTS AND PERSPECTIVES ON PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN ROMANIA IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT

Virgil TUDOR¹, Valeria BĂLAN¹, Cristina VĂRZARU^1*, Laurențiu TICALĂ², Sorin LĂZĂRESCU², Gabriel PETREA³, Andrei-Claudiu TUDOR⁴, Iulius Radulian MĂRGĂRIT⁴, Ana-Maria MUJEA¹

¹ National University of Physical Education and Sports Bucharest, Romania

² “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” Police Academy, Bucharest, Romania

³ Secondary School noº 1, Bragadiru, Ilfov, Romania

⁴ Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania

*Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.21

Abstract: The present paper aims to identify a series of current trends in physical education in Romania, compared to physical education in several European countries. Descriptive statistics, questionnaire surveys, statistical-mathematical methods and graphical methods were used to analyze and interpret the results obtained. The sample of participants includes Romanian pupils and pupils from European countries enrolled in middle school, aged between 10 and 15 years. In this research, 405 Romanian pupils and 51 pupils from several European countries participated.

A questionnaire was developed, which included 26 items, available in both Romanian and English languages. 98.7% of Romanian pupils consider it is important to practice physical exercises regularly, while at the level of interviewed pupils from Europe, this percentage is 100%. The majority percentage in Romania and Europe are found in the opinion regarding the existence of a higher number of physical education lessons per week (at least 3 lessons). In Romania, 64.93% of pupils had the opportunity to opt for practicing a sports discipline, while in Europe this percentage is lower, namely 52.94%. The interviewed pupils are interested in organizing extracurricular activities with a sports theme, thus, 95.06% of Romanian pupils and 90.19% of pupils from European countries state that they want to participate in such activities.

Keywords: physical education teacher, physical activity, curriculum, extarcurricular activity

FLOWING BACK TO STABILITY: HYDROKINETOTHERAPY AND HUR PLATFORM EMPOWER ACHILLES TENDON REHABILITATION – A CASE STUDY

Erdal ARIF¹*, Alin LARION²

^1* Doctoral School of Sports Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport “Ovidius”- University of Constanța, Romania

² Faculty of Physical Education and Sport “Ovidius”- University of Constanța, Romania

* Corresponding author email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.8

Abstract: Achilles tendon rupture often requires surgical repair, making postoperative rehabilitation essential for restoring mobility and balance. Proprioception and balance exercises are vital for neuromuscular control and injury prevention. This case report examines the effects of incorporating water-based proprioceptive and balance training into the rehabilitation process to speed up gait recovery and postural stability. The patient underwent Achilles tendon repair and participated in a tailored hydrotherapy program utilizing the water environment for safe early-stage rehabilitation. Assessment methods included single-leg balance tests, weight distribution analysis, and knee flexion at 30° and 60°, monitored throughout recovery. Results showed that exercises focused on proprioception and balance led to a faster return to normal gait, with significant improvements in postural stability, weight-bearing capacity, and neuromuscular control compared to standard physiotherapy. The early implementation of these exercises shortened rehabilitation duration and enhanced functional outcomes while reducing re-injury risk. In conclusion, integrating water-based proprioceptive and balance training into postoperative protocols accelerates gait re-education and balance recovery, promoting safer and more efficient return to daily activities. This approach supports the routine use of multidisciplinary, individualized rehabilitation strategies for Achilles tendon injuries, ultimately improving patient outcomes and rehabilitation efficiency.

Keywords: Achillean rupture, balance, proprioception, surgery, rehabilitation, hydrotherapy.

ANALYSIS OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND METABOLIC STATUS OF FEMALE ATHLETES IN THE NATIONAL ALPINE SKIING TEAM DURING THE PRE-COMPETITION PERIOD

Raluca PELIN¹, Camelia BRANEȚ¹*, Valeriu TOMESCU², Iancu RĂCHITĂ¹

¹ National University of Science and Technology Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania

² Director of the Olympic Testing and Scientific Assistance Centre

*Correspondence address: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.2

Abstract: In-depth knowledge of physiological parameters and how they influence workouts, competitions and recovery processes is essential to ensure effective, well-targeted training.

Aim. This study aims to analyze the hormonal and physiological status of female athletes, with direct implications for the training and recovery plan.

Methods. The physiological tests used (saliva testing, metabolic rate assessment and exercise tolerance test) aimed to assess the neuro-immune, metabolic and aerobic status of the three female athletes.

Results. Overall, the three female athletes show very good aerobic capacity, with VO₂max values ranging from 44.9 to 54.7 ml/kg/min, as well as large ventilatory thresholds, which reflects a solid training base, a moderate activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (cortisol >25 ng/ml) and a metabolic tendency that requires the introduction of training in the light aerobic zone (Z1) to stimulate lipid oxidation.

Conclusions. Integrated data analysis highlights that the investigated female athletes are in a favourable physiological phase with significant potential for progress, but at the same time with a clear need to regulate their neuro-immune balance. Load control, adequate recovery and continuous monitoring of the response to exercise are key elements for sustaining long-term performance.

Keywords: physiological parameters, metabolic parameters, tests, alpine skiing.

TRAINING THROUGH TACTICAL PERIODIZATION, AN IMPORTANT BENCHMARK FOR DEVELOPING THE SPECIFIC ENDURANCE OF JUNIOR FOOTBALL PLAYERS

Dumitru Barbu¹, Doru Stoica^1*, Tony-Bogdan Budescu², Ionel Caius DRULĂ²

¹University of Craiova, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Craiova, Romania

²University of Craiova, Doctoral School of Social and Human Sciences, Craiova, Romania

*Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.20

Abstract: The current paper presents aspects related to several programs used for developing specific endurance, taking as a reference the tactical periodization training model. This framework is considered a modern method in football which directly influences both individual and collective performance.

Material and methods. The aim of this research is to develop specific endurance in order to increase 17–18-year-old football players’ aerobic capacity and power, which leads to a high level of performance throughout the entire match. Among modern methods for developing specific endurance are themed games, intermittent exercises, integrated circuits, “large-sided games” (LSG) training and “small-sided games” (SSG) training, which combine physical effort with technical and tactical elements. Monitoring intensity through parameters such as heart rate, distance covered, and movement speed allows the coach to adjust the training volume and intensity for each player. The development program aims to adapt players’ bodies to the complex demands of the game, characterized by rapid alternations between high-intensity efforts and short recovery periods. In training, specific endurance is not limited to general aerobic capacity but also involves anaerobic components, motor coordination, and the ability to repeatedly perform sprints, changes of direction, and high-intensity duels. Moreover, recovery periods, nutrition, and sleep play a crucial role in optimizing physiological adaptations.

Results.The paper presents the players’ results in the Yo-Yo endurance test, showing significant differences, as the result of using specially designed program, (p<0.001).

In conclusion, through scientific and individualized planning, higher game efficiency and sustainable improvement in sports performance can be achieved, whereas the risk of fatigue and technical-tactical errors can be reduced.

Keywords: tactical periodization, football, endurance, juniors.

Improving postural stability through simulated hippotherapy in adults with chronic low back pain: a practical rehabilitation approach

Svetlana SAVIȚCHI^{1, 3}, Eugeniu AGAPII^{2, 3}, Oxana DARII⁴, Alexandr TÎMCIUC⁴

¹Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Physical Medicine and Manual Therapy, SUMP „N. Testemițanu”, Chișinău, Republica Moldova

²Department of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, IPES (SUM), Republica Moldova

³Department of Life Sciences, „Dunărea de Jos” University of Galați, România

⁴Doctoral School of Sports Sciences, IPES (SUM), Republica Moldova

* Corresponding author: email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.9

Abstract: Hippotherapy is a form of therapeutic exercise used as a conservative treatment for segmental instability of the lumbar spine and/or hypomobility in individuals with low back pain (LBP). The aim of the research was to analyze and demonstrate the effectiveness of simulated hippotherapy in improving postural stability and reducing pain in adults with chronic LBP, through the application of a kinetic program focused on enhancing functionality and balance control. Research objectives: To assess the effects of simulated hippotherapy on postural stability and balance control in adults with chronic low back pain; To determine the influence of the simulated hippotherapy program on pain reduction and overall functional improvement in patients. Research hypothesis: It is assumed that the application of a structured simulated hippotherapy program, based on rhythmic movements and postural regulation mechanisms specific to this method, will facilitate the reeducation of postural stability in adults with CLBP, contributing to pain reduction and increased overall functionality.The study included 10 adults with chronic LBP who followed either simulated hippotherapy combined with standard physiotherapy or standard physiotherapy alone. The experimental group showed greater improvement in disability (ODI 34%→20%) and pain (VAS 6.6→3.6; p=0.034) compared to the control group (ODI 33%→27%; VAS 6.4→5.3). These results confirm that simulated hippotherapy is an effective complementary method for reducing pain and improving balance, mobility, and functional recovery in patients with chronic LBP.

Keywords: hippotherapy, phisiotherapy, back pain, postural control

A LITERATURE REVIEW ON INTEGRATED PROGRAMS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE ASSISTED BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: EFFECTS ON PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH IN AMATEUR ATHLETES

Constantin-Marian IONIȚĂ^1,*, Monica STĂNESCU^1,2

¹PhD Student, National University of Physical Education and Sport, Bucharest, Romania

²National University of Physical Education and Sport, Bucharest, Romania

*Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.1

Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are increasingly used in sport and health sciences to enable data-driven training, performance monitoring, and personalized interventions. This narrative review synthesizes evidence on AI-assisted integrated programs that combine physical exercise with nutritional and psychological components for amateur and recreational athletes. Across the reviewed literature, AI systems support individualized feedback, optimize training load, and enhance user engagement through wearables, mobile coaching, and predictive analytics. Reported benefits include improvements in body composition, aerobic fitness, muscular strength, and functional mobility, alongside better motivation, lower dropout rates, and reduced stress. Nevertheless, truly integrated models that address physical, nutritional, and psychological dimensions within the same AI-assisted program remain scarce, and studies often involve small samples, short durations, and limited algorithmic transparency. These gaps highlight the need for interdisciplinary approaches that align sport science, digital health, and behavioral psychology. The review outlines research directions to validate comprehensive AI-assisted programs tailored to amateur populations, with the goal of improving both physical and mental health outcomes through sustainable, technology-supported interventions.

Keywords: artificial intelligence; physical exercise; nutrition; mindfulness; amateur athletes; adher.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE OPTIMIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING REVISION TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY FOR ACETABULAR DEFECTS THROUGH COMPUTER-ASSISTED KINESIOTHERAPY

Nicoleta Florența CARAIVAN^1,2,*, Luminița Ionela GEORGESCU³, Claudia Camelia BURCEA⁴, Elena Ioana ICONARU³, Ion MIHĂILĂ³, Vladimir POTOP³

¹Doctoral School of Physical Education and Sports Science, PhD student, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, University Centre Pitesti, Pitesti, Romania.

²“Dr. Carol Davila” Central University Emergency Military Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.

³Faculty of Science, Physical Education and Informatics, University Center of Pitesti, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Pitești, Romania.

⁴University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania

*Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.4

Abstract: This study investigates the effectiveness of the Huber 360° Platform as part of a computer-assisted kinesiotherapy program in patients who underwent revision total hip arthroplasty for acetabular defects classified as Paprosky types IIA–IIIA. The research included 10 patients (6 men and 4 women; mean age 69.6 ± 7.2 years), assessed at two time points: T0 – three months postoperatively, before the initiation of rehabilitation, and T1 – six months postoperatively, after completing a 12-week treatment protocol. The therapeutic program consisted of three weekly sessions of conventional kinesiotherapy and two sessions using the Huber 360° Platform, focused on the re-education of balance, strength, and coordination. Comparative analysis revealed statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05) across all studied parameters, with mean increases of +23.9% in balance, +21.5% in strength, and +25.7% in coordination. The findings confirm the efficacy of digitally assisted neuromotor re-education in accelerating functional recovery and optimizing postural control following revision total hip arthroplasty. The main conclusion supports integrating computer-based technologies into modern orthopedic rehabilitation protocols to enable faster, objectively monitored, and personalized recovery.

Keywords: total hip arthroplasty; acetabular revision; neuromotor re-education; Huber 360° platform; balance; computer-assisted kinesiotherapy

OPTIMIZING PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGIES: A FRAMEWORK FOR OPERATIONALIZING SPECIFIC COMPETENCIES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Ion MIHĂILĂ¹, Florin-Valentin BIDIREANU², Camelia ARAMĂ (PANFILOIU)²

1National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Pitești University Center, Romania

2National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Doctoral School of Physical Education and Sport, Pitești University Center, Romania

*Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.11

Abstract: This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the impact of operationalizing specific competencies in physical education and sports and highlights the need to adapt teaching strategies to meet students’ needs in the contemporary context. The study focused on the survey methodology, conducted through an online questionnaire administered to 150 high school physical education and sports teachers from Prahova County. The questionnaire was designed to assess the pedagogical approaches used to operationalize specific competencies, the evaluation of students’ specific competencies, and the impact of technology on the educational process. The analysis and interpretation of the data were carried out using statistical functions, charts, and pivot tables for organization and visualization in the Microsoft Excel Data Analysis program. The results indicate that 75% of respondents integrate various teaching methods, such as holistic education and discovery learning, suggesting that diverse pedagogical strategies are perceived as essential for the operationalization and development of students’ competencies. Furthermore, 80% of teachers use formative assessments, such as systematic observations and self-assessments, emphasizing the importance of continuous feedback in students’ progress. The recommendations refer to improving physical education programs, including promoting technological innovation and more effective assessment methods. These findings provide a solid foundation for future studies on the effectiveness of operationalizing specific competencies in physical education and sports, as well as on how pedagogical methods can be optimized to support student performance.

Keywords: operationalization, specific competencies, pedagogical strategies

BALANCING GAME INTEGRITY AND PLAYER MOBILITY: ATHLETES’ RIGHTS IN THE EU LEGAL ORDER

Maria SHAAO¹, Andreea PARSEGHIAN (FERARU)¹, Mirela SHAAO²

¹University of Craiova, Doctoral School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Craiova, Romania

²University of Craiova, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Craiova, Romania

*Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.3

Abstract: The balance between the autonomy of sports governing bodies and the protection of athletes’ rights has long been a central issue of the European Union (EU) law and institutions. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has progressively clarified that while the sport domain enjoys a certain degree of autonomy under Article 165 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), it is not exempt from the application of EU law and principles – particularly Treaty rules on competition (Articles 101-102) and EU internal market rules (especially Article 45 – free movement of workers). The recent CJEU case C-650/22 [Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) v BZ] reaffirms that sporting rules and regulations must respect the principles of proportionality, transparency, non-discrimination and freedom of movement.

The analysis reveals a gradual transition from respecting the autonomy of sports organisations to carefully scrutinising their rules in light of EU fundamental rights and freedoms, subjecting them to a stricter legal control focused on protecting athletes’ rights. Starting with the Bosman case (C-415/93) and refined in Meca-Medina (C-519/04 P), the Court established that sporting rules with economic effects must comply with EU law. Later cases, such as International Skating Union (C-124/21 P), European Superleague Company (C-333/21) and Royal Antwerp (C-680/21) reinforced the principles of transparency and proportionality in sports governance. Case C-650/22 further consolidates these principles, confirming that fair competition and game integrity must coexist with athletes’ rights. Thus, these rulings define clear limits on rules restricting athletes’ rights, including access to competition or professional opportunities.

Keywords: Court of Justice of the European Union; rights protection; sports law.

THE ROLE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL MOTOR SKILLS IN CHILDREN RECEIVING PALLIATIVE CARE: A CASE STUDY

Alexandra-Mihaela IONICA^1*, Silvia-Violeta TEODORESCU¹_, Mihaela APOSTU¹

¹National University of Physical Education and Sport, Bucharest, Romania

*Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.18

Abstract: The integration of physiotherapy into the multidisciplinary management of patients with chronic kidney disease serves a key role in optimizing residual functionality. In palliative care settings, physiotherapy contributes to the maintenance of motor function through individualized interventions aimed not only at preserving mobility but also at enabling participation in recreational and sports activities. This case study explores the functional outcomes of a physiotherapeutic intervention in an adolescent with vesicoureteral reflux-related uropathy, hydronephrosis, and microcephaly. A structured physiotherapy program was implemented, targeting segmental strength and functional performance in walking, jumping, and running. The intervention included proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) techniques, analytical and segmental exercises adapted to the patient's motor impairment level, and strength/stabilization training using the Rocher cage and TRX system. Cardiovascular endurance was addressed through treadmill running at 12.0 km/h with a 15% incline for 10 minutes at the start of each session. The program followed principles of individualization and progression, with in-clinic sessions conducted twice weekly (30 minutes/session), supplemented by home-based jump rope and running exercises three times per week. Progress was monitored using a customized functional test assessing: Vertical jump height, number of consecutive stationary and obstacle jumps, ability to alternate jumping and running over short distances. Post-intervention assessments showed notable improvements: Increased vertical jump height and consecutive jump count, indicating improved coordination and segmental strength, enhanced cardiovascular endurance, with the patient completing 800 meters on the treadmill at the set parameters without excessive fatigue, functional test results confirmed the ability to alternate between walking, running, and jumping, closely simulating real-world conditions. The intervention culminated in the patient’s successful participation in a 2.5 km marathon race, completed through intermittent running and short recovery breaks.

Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease, Physiotherapy, Pediatric Rehabilitation, Functional Performance, Quality of Life

The Effect of Swimming on Sleep Quality in University Combat Sport Athletes Following Intense Training

Cătălin PĂUNESCU^1*, Teodor PĂUNESCU², Dănuț PASCU³

¹ University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Bucharest, Romania

² National Physical Education and Sport University, Bucharest, Romania

³ University of Craiova, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Romania

*Corresponding author: e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.15

Abstract: Background: Adequate sleep is fundamental for recovery and performance in combat sport athletes, yet high-intensity training often disrupts sleep architecture. Active recovery strategies such as swimming may counteract these effects, though evidence is limited. Methods: Twenty-four medical students (19–24 years), members of the university combat sport team, were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 12) or a control group (n = 12). Following training at 85% of maximal heart rate (HRmax), the intervention group completed 20 minutes of low-intensity swimming, while the control group followed passive recovery routines. Sleep was assessed objectively using Garmin Fenix 5 smartwatches. Parameters included total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency (SE), deep sleep, REM sleep, and resting heart rate (RHR). Data were analysed using paired and independent t-tests, with significance set at p < .05.

Results: Baseline comparisons showed no significant group differences. After the intervention, the swimming group demonstrated significant improvements: TST increased by 11% versus an 18% decline in controls; SE rose by 1% compared with a 5% reduction; deep sleep and REM sleep increased by 8% and 16%, while controls declined by 46% and 40%, respectively. RHR decreased by 4% in swimmers but increased by 5% in controls.

Conclusion: Post-exercise swimming significantly improved sleep duration, efficiency, and restorative stages in combat sport athletes compared with passive recovery. These findings suggest swimming facilitates both physiological and cognitive-emotional recovery, supporting its integration into recovery protocols for athletes following intense training.

Keywords: swimming, sleep quality, combat sports, recovery, Garmin Fenix 5, athletes

THE VAULT IN JUNIOR FEMALE GYMNASTICS- A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Marius- Cristian UȚĂ¹*, Dragoș CIUVĂȚ², Camelia STĂNCESCU³,Daniel CIOCĂNESCU⁴, Radu PREDOIU¹

¹* University of Craiova, Doctoral School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Craiova, Romania

² University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania

³ University of Craiova, Faculty of Law, Romania

⁴University of Craiova, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Craiova, Romania

*email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.19

Abstract: The aim of our study was to conduct a literature review of research focusing on the vault event in female artistic gymnastics. This apparatus represents one of the most dynamic and technically demanding elements in gymnastics, requiring a high level of speed, explosive strength, coordination, and precise technique. Understanding the factors that contribute to successful vault performance is essential for improving training methods and enhancing gymnasts’ performance and safety. Material and Methods: To conduct this review, we followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines for systematic reviews, which include a structured process for identifying, screening, and selecting relevant studies. Searches were performed in several scientific databases and academic journals using keywords related to vault, gymnastics, female athletes, and training. Results: The exclusion criteria applied to the studies were as follows: studies in which the vault was analyzed in relation to other sports (n = 89), studies that included male athletes together with female gymnasts (n = 57), studies focusing on other age groups that were not relevant to the target population (n = 30), and studies that were not available as open access (n = 13). After the full selection process, a total of 17 studies met all the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Conclusions: The results of the included studies indicate that most training interventions aimed at improving vault performance focus on enhancing lower limb power, speed, and trunk endurance in gymnasts. Plyometric exercises, strength training, and specific technical drills were frequently highlighted as effective methods for improving take-off force and body control during the vault. The practical implications of this study emphasize the importance of implementing targeted and specific training programs that can optimize performance and contribute to the safe development of gymnasts’ technical abilities.

Keywords: the vault, female gymnastics, junior, training, literature review.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NEUROMUSCULAR REHABILITATION ON UPPER EXTREMITY FUNCTION IN POST-STROKE PATIENTS AT THE COMPREHENSIVE PHYSICAL REHABILITATION CENTER

Ilona ILINCA¹*, Eugenia ROȘULESCU¹, Radu ROȘULESCU¹

¹University of Craiova, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Craiova, Romania

Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.16

Abstract: Introduction. In stroke survivors, the incidence of upper limb motor disability remains high, many of them having persistent neurological deficits that restrict activities and limit social participation. Although in many cases it is not possible to fully return to pre-stroke functional status, to treat the stroke survivors sustained and complex rehabilitation is essential. The study aim was to analyse the impact of neuromuscular rehabilitation based on mirror therapy in addition to a conventional upper limb rehabilitation program on upper limb functions and motor skills in patients with chronic stroke at a comprehensive physical rehabilitation Center.

Methods: this observational study was conducted on a group of 30 post-stroke patients who met the inclusion criteria and signed informed consent, between February and May 2025, in the city of Craiova, at the Day Center for Adults with Disabilities. Participants were allocated into 2 groups, group A-MT and group B-CT according to the therapy they received. Both groups participated in a stroke rehabilitation program and group A was given mirror therapy in addition. The rehabilitation program was performed 3 days per week for 12 weeks. The motor functioning of the upper limb and functional independence were assessed before the intervention (T0), 3 months after starting the rehabilitation program T1, between the two groups and within groups, and at the 3 months follow-up, T2.

Results: an improvement in all parameters evaluated was observed in both groups, but the postintervention scores were significantly higher in the mirror therapy group. We found significant differences between the mirror therapy group A and rehabilitation group B when compared UL abilities at the end of 12 weeks therapy: A 40.1 ± 6.26, B 36.1 ± 6.34, p=0.046.

Conclusions: Mirror treatment used in addition to conventional stroke rehabilitation therapy seems to be an effective method to increase functional and motor skills of the upper extremity in elderly patients' post-stroke compared to conventional therapy.

Keywords: stroke; rehabilitation; mirror therapy; spastic upper limb.

PACING STRATEGIES AND PERFORMANCE DETERMINANTS IN 200M FREESTYLE: A CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP FINALISTS

Andreea Natalia JURESCHI (GHEORGHE)¹, Luciela Maria VASILE¹

¹National University of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport,

Bucharest, Romania

* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.12

Abstract: Background: World Swimming Championships bring together elite swimmers globally. The 200m freestyle demands optimal pacing strategy due to speed and metabolic control requirements. Data from three World Championships (2022, 2023, 2024) provided opportunity to analyze elite performance patterns. Previous research suggests the third 50m segment significantly impacts outcomes.

Materials and Methods: Data from 24 finalists across three championships were collected from World Aquatics website, including reaction times, intermediate times, and final times. Swimming velocities were calculated for each 50m section. Athletes were categorized into three pacing strategies: A (positive pacing, fourth 50m equal/faster than third), B (positive pacing progressively slower), and C (negative pacing with fast finish). K-means cluster analysis was performed using SPSS, with final time and third 50m speed as clustering criteria.

Results: Cluster analysis revealed three performance groups. Cluster 1 (62.5%, n=15) showed superior performance occupying positions 1-5. Cluster 2 (33.33%, n=8) demonstrated slower performance (106.14s, 1.82 m/s), typically finishing 6th-8th. Cluster 3 contained only David Popovici with exceptional performance (103.21s, 1.90 m/s). Strategy A proved most effective for top-3 placements. ANOVA confirmed statistically significant differences between clusters, F(2,21) = 48.10, p < .001. Reaction time showed no correlation with final performance.

Conclusions: Third 50m segment speed emerges as the primary differentiating factor among 200m freestyle finalists. Positive pacing strategies, particularly maintaining speed in the final 50m, prove most successful for top-3 positions. Start reaction time does not impact race results. These findings provide coaches with evidence-based insights for targeted training programs.

Keywords: swimming competitive performance, freestyle events, predictive modelling

INFLUENCE OF A HANDBALL EXERCISE PROGRAM ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF UPPER LIMB STRENGTH IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Florin CAZAN¹*, George Cosmin MUŞAT¹, Diana Victoria GIDU¹, Mara Iulia DULCEAŢĂ², Adrian Dorin GEORGESCU¹

¹*Ovidius University of Constanta, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Constanta, Romania

²"Neagoe Basarab" Theoretical High School Oltenita, Călăraşi Romania

* Corresponding author: email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.10

Abstract: The strength of the upper limbs directly influences motor activities specific to handball, such as passing, throwing and blocking. In the context of physical education classes, the integration of exercises inspired by handball can be an effective means for the development of this motor quality in high school students.

The main purpose of this research is to demonstrate that a program of exercises taken from handball contributes to the development of upper limb strength among high school students.

If a program based on exercises for the development of the strength of the upper limbs is implemented in the physical education lesson of the 10th grade students, it will determine the improvement of the execution capacity specific to handball.

The experiment took place in the school year 2024–2025, and the application of the improvement program was carried out for 8 weeks. The subjects included in the experiment were 25 students from the 10th grade from the "Neagoe Basarab" Theoretical High School in Oltenita, evenly divided between boys and girls.

Statistically significant differences are observed between the indicators obtained by the students at the initial and final testing, in terms of progress, as a result of the application of the program. Applied tests revealed a clear improvement in upper limb strength, with a balanced mean progress and standard deviation, confirming the formulated hypothesis.

The implementation of a program based on handball exercises in physical education lessons contributes to the development of upper limb strength in high school students.

Keywords: handball, upper limb strength, dynamic exercises, physical education, high school.

STATIC BALANCE AND GENERAL COORDINATION IN MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BY GENDER

Florin COTOS¹*, Bogdan-Constantin UNGUREAN²

^1*PhD Student, Doctoral School in Science of Sport and Physical Education, „Al. I. Cuza” University of Iasi, Romania

²Professor PhD Hab., Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, "Al. I. Cuza" University of Iasi, Romania

* Corresponding Author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.14

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine whether gender differences exist in the level of motor indices, static balance, and general coordination among middle school students. The study was carried out between April and June 2025 at “Grigore Ghica Voievod” Lower Secondary School in Suceava and included 111 students (44 girls and 67 boys). Static balance was assessed using the Flamingo Test, and general coordination was assessed using the Matorin Test. The analysis of the results indicates differences between the two groups for both static balance and general coordination. Girls recorded better results in static balance (a lower Flamingo Test score = superior static balance performance) (MA = 18.54 for boys and MA = 16.77 for girls), t(109) = 2.170, Sig. < 0.05, mean difference = 1.765, while boys recorded higher values in general coordination (MA = 594.63 for boys and MA = 537.73 for girls), t(109) = 2.170, Sig. < 0.05, mean difference = 21.375. The results confirm previous research indicating that gender affects balance and general coordination.

Keywords: static balance, general coordination, middle school students

THE IMPACT OF SPEED ON LOWER LIMB CONTROL ASYMMETRY IN TRIPLE EXTENSION MOVEMENT DURING PSYCHO-NEURO-MOTOR TRAINING

Alexandra Reta IACOBINI^1,² *, Pierre Joseph DE HILLERIN¹

¹Doctoral School of Sports Science and Physical Education, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Pitești University Center, 110040 Romania

²Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Spiru Haret University, 030045 Romania

* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.17

Abstract: Background. This study investigates the outcomes of psycho-neuro-motor control training sessions conducted with junior basketball athletes, employing a Conditions Simulator for Water Sports (C.S.N. Simulator). The primary aim of the program was to enhance movement control during the vertical jump and to optimize execution quality. Although symmetry analysis was not a predefined objective, observations revealed modifications in lower-limb symmetry as a result of the psycho-neuro-motor control interventions. Building on our previous findings that control asymmetry in ankle joint extension varies with execution speed, this study further explores the dynamics of symmetry and asymmetry under different motor demands.

Methods. A case study was conducted on a junior basketball athlete, focusing on the emergence of movement symmetries and asymmetries following training with the C.S.N. Simulator. Collected data enabled the assessment of the dynamics of symmetry and asymmetry in the triple extension movement, offering insights into the coordination of both lower limbs under varying performance demands.

Results. Findings indicated that lower-limb control during the triple extension is influenced by execution speed, with evidence of differential adaptations in response to increased velocity demands.

Conclusions. The study highlights new research avenues regarding the dynamics of symmetry and asymmetry in motor control, both in additional movement patterns and across diverse athletic populations. Future investigations extending to upper-limb movements and athletes from other sports disciplines may contribute to the development of training strategies aimed at optimizing asymmetries and, ultimately, enhancing athletic performance.

Keywords: interlimb asymmetry, psycho-neuro-motor control, execution speed, basketball performance

DIGITAL TOOLS, MOTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Teodora Sabina BOBEȘ¹^,2, Antoanela OLTEAN³*

¹ PhD student, Doctoral School of Sport Science and Physical Education, Institute of Doctoral Studies, Ovidius University of Constanța, Constanța, Romania;

²Secondary School Teacher, Secondary School No. 21, Sibiu, Romania

³Associate Professor, PhD Supervisor, Institute of Doctoral Studies, Ovidius University of Constanța, Constanța, Romania

Corresponding author: E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.5

Abstract: Introduction. The integration of digital tools and gamification in physical education (PE) has proven to be a revolutionary approach to increase student engagement, motivation, and performance. Recent studies highlight the potential of digital education. applications, exergames, mobile apps, and virtual reality to stimulate active participation, improve skill acquisition, and foster psychological well-being. These innovations align with global educational challenges, particularly the shift towards online and blended learning models after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Material and Methods. This study is a theoretical review of relevant literature, analyzing recent systematic reviews, empirical findings, and conceptual frameworks on the role of digital technologies in PE. Sources include research focused on gamification, exergames, wearable technologies, mobile tracking applications, flipped learning strategies, and artificial intelligence applied to physical education.

Results. The synthesis of findings reveals that digital tools positively influence both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, leading to higher participation rates, improved physical fitness, and enhanced learning outcomes. Evidence suggests that gamified approaches reduce anxiety, foster collaboration, and improve classroom climate, while digital feedback systems (e.g., heart rate monitoring, mobile applications) increase self-efficacy and performance. However, barriers persist, including teacher digital competence, unequal access to technology, and concerns regarding psychological well-being.

Conclusions. The adoption of digital tools into PE presents a promising pedagogical pathway for improving motivation and performance in students. Success depends on strategic implementation, teacher training, and adequate infrastructure. A balanced approach, combining digital innovation with traditional methods, ensures relevance and sustainability in PE while promoting lifelong engagement with physical activity.

Keywords: physical education, gamification, digital tools, motivation, performance

PERCEPTIONS OF TELEREHABILITATION AMONG PHYSIOTHERAPY STUDENTS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

Andreea-Daniela BRĂGUȚĂ¹*, Adriana-Mihaela DUMITRESCU², Yanislav ZHELEV³, Elena Taina AVRAMESCU²

¹University of Craiova, Doctoral School of Sport Science and Humanities, Romania

2 University of Craiova, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Romania

³Burgas Free University and Institute of Mathematics and Informatics - Bulgarian Academy of Science, Bulgaria

*Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.13

Abstract: Introduction/Background. Physiotherapy students’ perceptions of telerehabilitation are increasingly recognized as a key factor influencing its future adoption in clinical practice, yet many students report limited curricular exposure and low confidence in remote physical assessment and patient engagement. These findings highlight the need for structured digital education in physiotherapy curricula. The e-PHYSIO project (2022–2025) was launched to modernize bachelor-level physiotherapy programs in the Western Balkans through innovative digital resources and interactive learning platforms.

Materials and Methods. The project involved eight higher education institutions from Albania, Kosovo, Romania, Bulgaria, and Turkey. Educational outputs included:Telerehabilitation e-Course, Digital Approaches for Online Education e-course, Online Rehabilitation Protocols and Modules across clinical specialties, delivered through the e-PHYSIO e-learning platform and a virtual space. Pilot testing by structured questionnaires engaged 37–62 participants per output, combining descriptive statistics with thematic analysis of qualitative feedback.

Results. For the Telerehabilitation Course 98.2% of respondents confirmed an appropriate theory–practice balance and 96.3% recommended it, despite most having no prior experience. In the Digital Approaches Course, 73.7% of staff had limited digital skills, yet 96.3% found the content relevant. The e-learning platform was rated user-friendly by 75.9% of participants, with 77.8% reporting no technical issues, though 22.2% noted slow loading or navigation challenges.

Conclusions. Pilot testing confirmed that digital physiotherapy resources can be effectively integrated into education in the Western Balkans. Students and educators expressed strong engagement and satisfaction, citing interactivity, case-based learning, and content relevance as major strengths. The e-PHYSIO project thus offers a scalable and innovative model for aligning physiotherapy education with global digital health strategies and preparing graduates for contemporary rehabilitation practice.

Keywords: Telerehabilitation; Digital Physiotherapy Education; e-Learning; Curriculum Innovation; Western Balkans

Evaluation of anaerobic capacity in students according to gender by implementing a functional training program with Aqua fitness equipment

Andreea-Maria TACȘA ^1,2, Alina MARTOMA ³

¹Transylvania University of Brasov, Romania, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

²University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology GEPalade of Târgu-Mureș, Romania, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

³Transylvania University of Brasov, Romania, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

https://doi.org/10.52846/46.2025.1.6

Abstract: Background: Optimizing anaerobic capacity is an important factor in the physical condition of students. Aims: To evaluate the impact of improving aerobic capacity of students by gender, by implementing a 14-week functional training program using aqua fitness equipment.

Methods: The study sample consisted of 40 of subjects (20 males and 20 females), students of general medicine specialization. The samples practiced functional training, carried out for 14 weeks, with two weekly sessions. Within these trainings high intensity and short duration exercises performed with Aqua fitness equipment were included. The study included an anaerobic exercise test performed on a treadmill, evaluating the parameters: volume of oxygen consumed per minute (VO₂ L/min), volume of oxygen consumed per minute per kilogram of body mass (VO₂ ml/min/kg), the respiratory exchange rate between O₂ and CO₂ (RER), respiratory rate (BF - cycles/minute), total amount of air breathed in one minute (VE/L/min) , percentage of normal volume of oxygen consumed ( normal VO ₂ %), percentage of maximum volume of oxygen consumed (VO₂ peak %) and ventilator equivalent for oxygen and carbon dioxide (VE-VO₂ ;VE-VCO₂ ). Results: The progress between the initial and final testing in both groups, for all parameters of the anaerobic test were statistically significant, for p<0.05. The greatest progress in the male group between the initial and final testing was in the parameter VE (L/min) with a value of 5.205, followed by VO₂ peak% with a value of 4.993. The parameter VO₂ normal% had a value of 4.016 and VO₂ (ml/min/kg) recorded a value of 2.294. In the female group, the greatest progress between the initial and final testing was recorded in the VO₂ parameter (ml/min/kg) with a value of 3.281, followed by the value of 2.951 in BF (cycles/minute), 2.387 in VE-VO₂ (L/min) and 2.382 in VO₂peak. Conclusion: The relevant results of the study highlight that the male group recorded higher values compared to the female group, in all parameters of anaerobic exercise capacity investigated in the study.

Keywords: anaerobic capacity, functional training, fitness, anaerobic exercises, Aqua fitness equipment.

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THE IMPACT OF SPEED ON LOWER LIMB CONTROL ASYMMETRY IN TRIPLE EXTENSION MOVEMENT DURING PSYCHO-NEURO-MOTOR TRAINING

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Evaluation of anaerobic capacity in students according to gender by implementing a functional training program with Aqua fitness equipment